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<title>Magic circle</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Magic circle</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Magic_circle_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Magic circle (disambiguation)">Magic circle (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<p>A <b>magic circle</b> is a circle of space marked out by practitioners of some branches of <a href="Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">ritual magic</a>, which they generally believe will contain energy and form a sacred space, or will provide them a form of magical protection, or both. It may be marked physically, drawn in a material like salt, flour, or chalk, or merely visualised.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2></div>

<p>Traditionally, circles are believed by ritual magicians to form a protective barrier between themselves and what they summon.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiccap556_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiccap556-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One text known as the Heptameron says of the circle, 'But because the greatest power is attributed to the circles; (for they are certain fortresses to defend the operators safe from the evil spirits); in the first place we will treat concerning the composition of a circle.'<sup id="cite_ref-Fourthp191_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fourthp191-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Moreover, as magician and historian Jake Stratton-Kent writes, 'In short a circle is not an obsolete symbol of a superstitious fear of spirits, but an intentionally created ritual space for various purposes. It is not always required for all kinds of ritual work, but neither is it of no value, quite the contrary. Making sacred space is among the most primal of rituals, such intentional actions are as worthy of the term psychoactive as any substance.'<sup id="cite_ref-Geosophiap46_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geosophiap46-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Circles may or may not be physically marked out on the ground, and a variety of elaborate patterns for circle markings can be found in <a href="Grimoire" title="Grimoire">grimoires</a> and magical manuals, often involving angelic and <a href="Names_of_God" title="Names of God">divine names</a>. Such markings, or a simple unadorned circle, may be drawn in <a href="Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> or <a href="Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>, or indicated by other means such as with a <a href="Rope" title="Rope">cord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiccap556_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiccap556-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some traditions include tracing or <a href="Circumambulation" title="Circumambulation">circumambulation</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Sumer">In Sumer</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Sumerians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerians">Sumerians</a> called the practice of using ritual circles <i><a href="Zisurr%C3%BB" title="Zisurrû">zisurrû</a></i>, meaning "magic circle drawn with <a href="Flour" title="Flour">flour</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and inscribed <small>ZÌ-SUR-RA</small><i>-a</i>. This was an ancient <a href="Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> method of delineating, purifying and protecting from evil by the enclosing of a ritual space in a circle of flour. It involved ritual drawings with a variety of powdered cereals to counter different threats and is accompanied by the <a href="Gloss_(annotation)#In_linguistics" title="Gloss (annotation)">gloss</a>: <small>SAG.BA SAG.BA</small>, <a href="Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>: <i>māmīt māmīt</i>, the curse from a broken oath, in <i><a href="Esagil-kin-apli#The_Exorcists_Manual" title="Esagil-kin-apli">The Exorcists Manual</a></i>, where it refers to a specific ritual on two tablets the first of which is extant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeller2000233_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeller2000233-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Judaism">In Judaism</h3></div>

<p>Examples of <a href="Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> customs showing the use of the magic circle can be found in the birth protection rituals of <a href="Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> and the surrounding area. As early as 1560, a text by the rabbi Naphtali Hirsch ben Elieser Treves notes a custom in which a circle is drawn around the birthing woman to protect her from <a href="Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a> and demons. This was done using a Krasmesser (circle knife) which would be wielded by the <a href="Midwife" title="Midwife">midwife</a> or the father of the child.<sup id="cite_ref-Lubrich_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubrich-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul Christian Kirchner’s description of Jewish birthing customs from 1734 includes an illustration showing a knife or a sword near the bed, and likewise <a href="Johann_Christian_Georg_Bodenschatz" title="Johann Christian Georg Bodenschatz">Johann Christian Georg Bodenschatz</a> describes a sword placed near the pregnant woman in the eighteenth century, indicating the likelihood that this custom continued through the centuries. Oral accounts from 20th century <a href="Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> in a publication by the <a href="Jewish_Museum_of_Switzerland" title="Jewish Museum of Switzerland">Jewish Museum of Switzerland</a> also reference circling movements with a knife in order to protect a woman in childbirth.<sup id="cite_ref-Lubrich_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubrich-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Golden_Dawn">In the Golden Dawn</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn</a>, which has had one of the largest influences on contemporary <a href="Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a>, introduced the practices of the <a href="Lesser_Ritual_of_the_Pentagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser Ritual of the Pentagram">Lesser Ritual of the Pentagram</a> and the <a href="Watchtower_(magic)" title="Watchtower (magic)">Opening by Watchtower</a>. The Lesser Banishing Ritual of the Pentagram (LBRP) is typically used as a daily practice and is also performed before any magical working, while the Watchtower ritual is much more involved. Both rituals are now used by a wide array of practitioners, including <a href="Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">ceremonial magicians</a>, <a href="Hermetic_Qabalah" title="Hermetic Qabalah">Hermetic Qabalists</a>, <a href="Neopagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopagan">Neopagans</a>, and <a href="Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelemites</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Wicca">In Wicca</h3></div>

<p>In <a href="Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>, as also in traditional European grimoires, a magic circle is typically nine feet in diameter, though the size can vary depending on the purpose of the circle, and the preference of the caster.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some varieties of Wicca use the common ceremonial colour attributions for 'quarter candles': yellow for <a href="Air_(classical_element)" title="Air (classical element)">air</a> in the east, red for <a href="Fire_(classical_element)" title="Fire (classical element)">fire</a> in the south, blue for <a href="Water_(classical_element)" title="Water (classical element)">water</a> in the west and green for <a href="Earth_(classical_element)" title="Earth (classical element)">earth</a> in the north (though these attributions differ according to geographical location and individual philosophy).

</p><p>The common technique for raising energy within the circle is by means of a <a href="Cone_of_power" title="Cone of power">cone of power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiccap556_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiccap556-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The barrier is believed to be fragile, so that leaving or passing through the circle would weaken or dispel it.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is referred to as "breaking the circle".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally advised that practitioners do not leave the circle unless absolutely necessary.

</p><p>In order to leave a circle and keep it intact, Wiccans believe a door must be cut in the energy of the circle, normally on the east side. Whatever was used to cast the circle is used to cut the doorway, such as a sword, staff or knife (<a href="Athame" title="Athame">athame</a>), a doorway is cut in the circle, at which point anything may pass through without harming the circle.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiccap11920_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiccap11920-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This opening must be closed afterwards by reconnecting the lines of the circle.

</p><p>The circle is usually closed by the practitioner after they have finished by drawing in the energy with the athame or whatever was used to make the circle including their hand (usually in a <a href="Widdershins" title="Widdershins">widdershins</a>: that is, counter-clockwise fashion). This is called 'closing the circle' or 'releasing the circle'.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiccap11920_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiccap11920-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a> – Spiritual and ritual symbol in Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism</li>

<li><a href="Sigil" title="Sigil">Sigil</a> – Magical symbol</li>

<li><a href="Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a> – Mystical diagram in Tantric traditions</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Wiccap556-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiccap556_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiccap556_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiccap556_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunningham2001">Cunningham (2001)</a>, pp. 55–56</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Fourthp191-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fourthp191_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgrippa2009">Agrippa (2009)</a>, p. 191</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Geosophiap46-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geosophiap46_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStratton-Kent2010">Stratton-Kent (2010)</a>, p. 46</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>zisurrû</i> CAD Z, p. 137–138.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeller2000233-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeller2000233_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeller2000">Geller (2000)</a>, p. 233.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Lubrich-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lubrich_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lubrich_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLubrich2022">Lubrich (2022)</a>, p. 31</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckland2002">Buckland (2002)</a>, pp. 43, 64</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarhawk1989">Starhawk (1989)</a>, p. 83</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckland2002">Buckland (2002)</a>, p. 224</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Wiccap11920-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiccap11920_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiccap11920_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunningham2001">Cunningham (2001)</a>, pp. 119–120</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFAgrippa2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Heinrich_Cornelius_Agrippa" title="Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa">Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius</a> (2009) [1655]. Donald Tyson (ed.). <i>The Fourth Book of Occult Philosophy</i>. Llewellyn.</cite> <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7387-1876-7</bdi></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBuckland2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Raymond_Buckland" title="Raymond Buckland">Buckland, Raymond</a> (2002). <i>Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft</i> (2nd ed.). Llewellyn Publications. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-87542-050-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Scott_Cunningham" title="Scott Cunningham">Cunningham, Scott</a> (2001). <i>Wicca: A Guide for the Solitary Practitioner</i>. Llewellyn Publications. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-87542-118-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGeller2000" class="citation book cs1">Geller, M. J. (2000). "Incipits and rubrics". In A. R. George; Irving Finkel (eds.). <i>Wisdom, Gods and Literature: Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G. Lambert</i>. Eisenbrauns.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLubrich2022" class="citation book cs1">Lubrich, Naomi, ed. (2022). <i>Birth Culture. Jewish Testimonies from Rural Switzerland and Environs</i>. Basel: Schwabe Verlagsgruppe AG Schwabe Verlag. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3796546075</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFStarhawk1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Starhawk" title="Starhawk">Starhawk</a> (1989). <i><a href="The_Spiral_Dance" title="The Spiral Dance">The Spiral Dance: A Rebirth of the Ancient Religion of the Great Goddess</a></i>. Harper & Row. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0062508140</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFStratton-Kent2010" class="citation book cs1">Stratton-Kent, Jake (2010). <i>Geosophia: The Argo of Magic</i>. Vol. 1. Scarlet Imprint. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-9567203-0-6</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="C._G._Jung" class="mw-redirect" title="C. G. Jung">Jung, Carl Gustav</a> (1968). <i><a href="Psychology_and_Alchemy" title="Psychology and Alchemy">Psychology and Alchemy</a></i>. Collected Works. Vol. 12. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-691-01831-6</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Magic_circles_(occult)" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Magic circles (occult)">Magic circles (occult)</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Places_of_worship718" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Places of worship</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> <span typeof="mw:File"></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_House_of_Worship" title="Baháʼí House of Worship">Baháʼí House of Worship</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Buddhist Monastery or Vihāra</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaitya" title="Chaitya">Chaitya</a></li>

<li><a href="Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a></li>

<li><a href="Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li>

<li><a href="Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <span typeof="mw:File"></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple or Mandir</a></li>

<li><a href="Balinese_temple" title="Balinese temple">Balinese temple or Pura</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Jain temple or Derasar or Basadi</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Synagogue" title="Synagogue"> Synagogue or Shul</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <span typeof="mw:File"></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li>

<li><a href="Dargah" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li>

<li><a href="Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Mandi_(Mandaeism)" title="Mandi (Mandaeism)">Mandi or Mashkhanna or Beth Manda</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> & <a href="Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">modern paganism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Heathen hof or Germanic pagan temple</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Shintoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shintoism">Shintoism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto Shrine or Jinja</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Taoist_temple" title="Taoist temple">Taoist temple or Dàoguàn</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Fire_temple" title="Fire temple"> Fire temple or Agiary or Atashkadeh or Atashgah or Dar-e Mehr</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varying religions and beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Altar" title="Altar">Altar</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacral_architecture" title="Sacral architecture">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Asylum_(antiquity)" title="Asylum (antiquity)">Asylum</a></li>

<li><a href="Cult_image" title="Cult image">Cult image</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sanctuary" title="Sanctuary">Sanctuary</a></li>

<li><a href="Shrine" title="Shrine">Shrine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Temple" title="Temple">Temple</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sun_temple" title="Sun temple">Sun temple</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Sorted alphabetically except the last one</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Magic_and_witchcraft160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Magic_and_witchcraft160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a> and <a href="Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Witchcraft_in_Africa" title="Witchcraft in Africa">Africa</a>

<ul><li><a href="Azande_witchcraft" title="Azande witchcraft">Azande</a></li>

<li><a href="Witchcraft_in_Ghana" title="Witchcraft in Ghana">Ghana</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_smeller" title="Witch smeller">Witch smeller</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Jh%C4%81kri" title="Jhākri">Jhākri</a></li>

<li><a href="Witchcraft_in_the_Philippines" title="Witchcraft in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">Europe</a>

<ul><li><a href="Witchcraft_in_Italy" title="Witchcraft in Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Akelarre" title="Akelarre">Akelarre</a></li>

<li><a href="Benandanti" title="Benandanti">Benandanti</a></li>

<li><a href="Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li>

<li><a href="Magic_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" title="Magic in the Greco-Roman world">Greece and Rome</a></li>

<li><a href="Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li>

<li><a href="Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Völva</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Witchcraft_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Witchcraft in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li>

<li><a href="Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Britain" title="Witchcraft in early modern Britain">Britain</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Witchcraft_in_Latin_America" title="Witchcraft in Latin America">Latin America</a></li>

<li><a href="Witchcraft_in_the_Middle_East" title="Witchcraft in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li>

<li><a href="Witchcraft#Oceania" title="Witchcraft">Oceania</a>

<ul><li><a href="M%C4%81kutu" title="Mākutu">Mākutu</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chaos_magic" title="Chaos magic">Chaos magic</a></li>

<li><a href="Goetia" title="Goetia">Goetia</a></li>

<li><a href="Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_European_magic" title="Medieval European magic">Medieval</a></li>

<li><a href="Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Solitary_practitioner" title="Solitary practitioner">Solitary practitioner</a></li>

<li><a href="Warlock" title="Warlock">Warlock</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_doctor" title="Witch doctor">Witch doctor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li>

<li><a href="Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_magic" title="Black magic">Black magic</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial magic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Magical_formula" title="Magical formula">Magical formula</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Coven" title="Coven">Coven</a></li>

<li><a href="Curse" title="Curse">Curse</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anathema" title="Anathema">Anathema</a></li>

<li><a href="Damnation" title="Damnation">Damnation</a></li>

<li><a href="Demon" title="Demon">Demon</a></li>

<li><a href="Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li>

<li><a href="Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li>

<li><a href="Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li>

<li><a href="Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiar</a></li>

<li><a href="Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">Gray magic</a></li>

<li><a href="Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li>

<li><a href="Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love magic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon magic</a></li>

<li><a href="Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Occult" title="Occult">Occultism</a></li>

<li><a href="Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Black_shamanism" title="Black shamanism">Black</a></li>

<li><a href="Regional_forms_of_shamanism" title="Regional forms of shamanism">Regional</a></li>

<li><a href="Yellow_shamanism" title="Yellow shamanism">Yellow</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li>

<li><a href="Sigil" title="Sigil">Sigils</a></li>

<li><a href="Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sympathetic_magic" title="Sympathetic magic">Sympathetic magic</a></li>

<li><a href="Witches'_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a></li>

<li><a href="White_magic" title="White magic">White magic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amulet" title="Amulet">Amulet</a></li>

<li><a href="Athame" title="Athame">Athame</a></li>

<li><a href="Broom" title="Broom">Broom</a>

<ul><li><a href="Besom" title="Besom">besom</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Censer" title="Censer">Censer</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloak_of_invisibility" title="Cloak of invisibility">Cloak of invisibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Crystal_ball" title="Crystal ball">Crystal ball</a></li>

<li><a href="Flying_ointment" title="Flying ointment">Flying ointment</a></li>

<li><a href="Goofer_dust" title="Goofer dust">Goofer dust</a></li>

<li><a href="Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li>

<li><a href="Incense" title="Incense">Incense</a></li>

<li><a href="Julleuchter" title="Julleuchter">Julleuchter</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitchen_witch" title="Kitchen witch">Kitchen witch</a></li>

<li><a href="Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love charm</a></li>

<li><a href="Magic_carpet" title="Magic carpet">Magic carpet</a></li>

<li><a href="Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a>

<ul><li><a href="Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a></li>

<li><a href="Nkondi" title="Nkondi">Nkondi</a></li>

<li><a href="Poppet" title="Poppet">Poppet</a></li>

<li><a href="Potion" title="Potion">Potions</a></li>

<li><a href="Sator_Square" title="Sator Square">Sator Square</a></li>

<li><a href="Talisman" title="Talisman">Talisman</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_ball" title="Witch ball">Witch ball</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch's_ladder" title="Witch's ladder">Witch's ladder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folklore and<br>mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agamede" title="Agamede">Agamede</a></li>

<li><a href="Aradia" title="Aradia">Aradia</a></li>

<li><a href="Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li>

<li><a href="Dayan_(witch)" title="Dayan (witch)">Dayan</a></li>

<li><a href="Drude" title="Drude">Drude</a></li>

<li><a href="Elbow_witch" title="Elbow witch">Elbow witch</a></li>

<li><a href="Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalku" title="Kalku">Kalku</a></li>

<li><a href="Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a></li>

<li><a href="Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan le Fay</a></li>

<li><a href="Muma_P%C4%83durii" title="Muma Pădurii">Muma Pădurii</a></li>

<li><a href="Nine_sorceresses" title="Nine sorceresses">Nine sorceresses</a></li>

<li><a href="Obayifo" title="Obayifo">Obayifo</a></li>

<li><a href="Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li>

<li><a href="Sebile" title="Sebile">Sebile</a></li>

<li><a href="Sorginak" title="Sorginak">Sorginak</a></li>

<li><a href="Spearfinger" title="Spearfinger">Spearfinger</a></li>

<li><a href="Three_Witches" title="Three Witches">Three Witches</a></li>

<li><a href="Witches_of_Benevento" title="Witches of Benevento">Witches of Benevento</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">Witch of Endor</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<br>historic treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Witchcraft_and_divination_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible">Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament</a> (8th–2nd centuries BC)</li>

<li><i><a href="Directorium_Inquisitorum" title="Directorium Inquisitorum">Directorium Inquisitorum</a></i> (1376)</li>

<li><i><a href="De_maleficis_mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De maleficis mulieribus">De maleficis mulieribus</a></i> (1440)</li>

<li><i><a href="Formicarius" title="Formicarius">Formicarius</a></i> (1475)</li>

<li><i><a href="Summis_desiderantes_affectibus" title="Summis desiderantes affectibus">Summis desiderantes affectibus</a></i> (1484)</li>

<li><i><a href="Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i> (1487)</li>

<li><i><a href="De_Lamiis_et_Pythonicis_Mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus">De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus</a></i> (1489)</li>

<li><i><a href="Laienspiegel" title="Laienspiegel">Laienspiegel</a></i> (1509)</li>

<li><i><a href="De_praestigiis_daemonum" title="De praestigiis daemonum">De praestigiis daemonum</a></i> (1563)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" title="The Discoverie of Witchcraft">The Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i> (1584)</li>

<li><i><a href="Newes_from_Scotland" title="Newes from Scotland">Newes from Scotland</a></i> (1591)</li>

<li><i><a href="A_Dialogue_Concerning_Witches_and_Witchcrafts" title="A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts">A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts</a></i> (1593)</li>

<li><i><a href="Daemonolatreiae_libri_tres" title="Daemonolatreiae libri tres">Daemonolatreiae libri tres</a></i> (1595)</li>

<li><i><a href="Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a></i> (1597)</li>

<li><i><a href="Magical_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="Magical Investigations">Magical Investigations</a></i> (1599)</li>

<li><i><a href="Compendium_Maleficarum" title="Compendium Maleficarum">Compendium Maleficarum</a></i> (1608)</li>

<li><i><a href="A_Guide_to_Grand-Jury_Men" title="A Guide to Grand-Jury Men">A Guide to Grand-Jury Men</a></i> (1627)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Discovery_of_Witches" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Witches">The Discovery of Witches</a></i> (1647)</li>

<li><i><a href="Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie%2C_de_Moravie%2C_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></i> (1751)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persecution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Modern_witch_hunts" title="Modern witch hunts">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jamyi_Witch_hiring_controversy" title="Jamyi Witch hiring controversy">Jamyi Witch hiring controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Witchcraft_accusations_against_children" title="Witchcraft accusations against children">accusations against children</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_hunts_in_India" title="Witch hunts in India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_hunts_in_Nepal" title="Witch hunts in Nepal">Nepal</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_hunts_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Witch hunts in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_camp" title="Witch camp">Witch camp</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Maryland_Witch_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Witch Trials">Maryland</a></li>

<li><a href="Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_trials_in_Virginia" title="Witch trials in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Witch_trials_in_Hungary" title="Witch trials in Hungary">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Moravia_witch_trials" title="Northern Moravia witch trials">Northern Moravia</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_trials_in_Poland" title="Witch trials in Poland">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Russia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Witch_trials_in_Latvia_and_Estonia" title="Witch trials in Latvia and Estonia">Baltic</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_trials_in_Denmark" title="Witch trials in Denmark">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_trials_in_England" title="Witch trials in England">England</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_trials_in_Finland" title="Witch trials in Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_trials_in_Iceland" title="Witch trials in Iceland">Iceland</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_trials_in_Norway" title="Witch trials in Norway">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_trials_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Witch trials in early modern Scotland">Scotland</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_trials_in_Sweden" title="Witch trials in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Witch_trials_in_France" title="Witch trials in France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Geneva_witch_trials" title="Geneva witch trials">Geneva</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_trials_in_Italy" title="Witch trials in Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_trials_in_Spain" title="Witch trials in Spain">Spain</a>

<ul><li><a href="Basque_witch_trials" title="Basque witch trials">Basque</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Witch_trials_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire">Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch's_mark" title="Witch's mark">Witch's mark</a></li>

<li><a href="Pricking" title="Pricking">Pricking</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_people_executed_for_witchcraft" title="List of people executed for witchcraft">List of people executed for witchcraft</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic in fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_fictional_witches" title="List of fictional witches">Witches in fiction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Witch_(word)" title="Witch (word)">Witch (word)</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_(archetype)" title="Witch (archetype)">Witch (archetype)</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_views_on_magic" title="Christian views on magic">Christian views on magic</a></li>

<li><a href="Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">Magical organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Maleficium_(sorcery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maleficium (sorcery)">Maleficium</a></li>

<li><a href="Left-hand_path_and_right-hand_path" title="Left-hand path and right-hand path">Left-hand path and right-hand path</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_interpretations_of_witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period">Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period</a></li>

<li><a href="Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Adept" title="Adept">Adept</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neopagan_witchcraft141" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Neopagan_witchcraft141" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_Wicca" title="History of Wicca">History of Wicca</a></li>

<li><a href="Etymology_of_Wicca" title="Etymology of Wicca">Etymology of Wicca</a></li>

<li><a href="Modern_pagan_views_on_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern pagan views on LGBT people">Wicca and LGBT people</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Dettmer_v._Landon" title="Dettmer v. Landon">Dettmer v. Landon</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="British_Traditional_Wicca" class="mw-redirect" title="British Traditional Wicca">British Traditional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alexandrian_Wicca" title="Alexandrian Wicca">Alexandrian Wicca</a></li>

<li><a href="Blue_Star_Wicca" title="Blue Star Wicca">Blue Star Wicca</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Valley_Wicca" title="Central Valley Wicca">Central Valley Wicca</a></li>

<li><a href="Chthonioi_Alexandrian_Wicca" title="Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca">Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca</a></li>

<li><a href="Gardnerian_Wicca" title="Gardnerian Wicca">Gardnerian Wicca</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1734_Tradition" title="1734 Tradition">1734 Tradition</a></li>

<li><a href="Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_and_School_of_Wicca" title="Church and School of Wicca">Church and School of Wicca</a></li>

<li><a href="Cochrane's_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochrane's Craft</a></li>

<li><a href="Raymond_Howard_(Wiccan)" title="Raymond Howard (Wiccan)">Coven of Atho</a></li>

<li><a href="Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li>

<li><a href="Faery_Wicca" title="Faery Wicca">Faery Wicca</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_Wicca" title="Georgian Wicca">Georgian Wicca</a></li>

<li><a href="Odyssean_Wicca" title="Odyssean Wicca">Odyssean Wicca</a></li>

<li><a href="Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li>

<li><a href="Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Eclectic_Wicca" title="Universal Eclectic Wicca">Universal Eclectic Wicca</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br>figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gerald_Gardner" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a></li>

<li><a href="Doreen_Valiente" title="Doreen Valiente">Doreen Valiente</a></li>

<li><a href="Alex_Sanders_(Wiccan)" title="Alex Sanders (Wiccan)">Alex Sanders</a></li>

<li><a href="Maxine_Sanders" title="Maxine Sanders">Maxine Sanders</a></li>

<li><a href="Sybil_Leek" title="Sybil Leek">Sybil Leek</a></li>

<li><a href="Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Margot Adler</a></li>

<li><a href="Victor_Henry_Anderson" title="Victor Henry Anderson">Victor Anderson</a></li>

<li><a href="Eleanor_Bone" title="Eleanor Bone">Artemis</a></li>

<li><a href="Gavin_Bone" title="Gavin Bone">Gavin Bone</a></li>

<li><a href="Lois_Bourne" title="Lois Bourne">Lois Bourne</a></li>

<li><a href="Jack_L._Bracelin" title="Jack L. Bracelin">Jack Bracelin</a></li>

<li><a href="Raymond_Buckland" title="Raymond Buckland">Raymond Buckland</a></li>

<li><a href="Eddie_Buczynski" title="Eddie Buczynski">Eddie Buczynski</a></li>

<li><a href="Zsuzsanna_Budapest" title="Zsuzsanna Budapest">Zsuzsanna Budapest</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Cardell" title="Charles Cardell">Charles Cardell</a></li>

<li><a href="Ipsita_Roy_Chakraverti" title="Ipsita Roy Chakraverti">Ipsita Roy Chakraverti</a></li>

<li><a href="Patricia_Crowther_(Wiccan)" title="Patricia Crowther (Wiccan)">Patricia Crowther</a></li>

<li><a href="Vivianne_Crowley" title="Vivianne Crowley">Vivianne Crowley</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Cochrane_(witch)" title="Robert Cochrane (witch)">Robert Cochrane</a></li>

<li><a href="Scott_Cunningham" title="Scott Cunningham">Scott Cunningham</a></li>

<li><a href="Phyllis_Curott" title="Phyllis Curott">Phyllis Curott</a></li>

<li><a href="Cerridwen_Fallingstar" title="Cerridwen Fallingstar">Cerridwen Fallingstar</a></li>

<li><a href="Janet_Farrar" title="Janet Farrar">Janet Farrar</a></li>

<li><a href="Stewart_Farrar" title="Stewart Farrar">Stewart Farrar</a></li>

<li><a href="Raven_Grimassi" title="Raven Grimassi">Raven Grimassi</a></li>

<li><a href="Gavin_Frost" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavin Frost">Gavin Frost</a></li>

<li><a href="Yvonne_Frost" class="mw-redirect" title="Yvonne Frost">Yvonne Frost</a></li>

<li><a href="Philip_Heselton" title="Philip Heselton">Philip Heselton</a></li>

<li><a href="Frederic_Lamond_(Wiccan)" title="Frederic Lamond (Wiccan)">Frederic Lamond</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosaleen_Norton" title="Rosaleen Norton">Rosaleen Norton</a></li>

<li><a href="Silver_RavenWolf" title="Silver RavenWolf">Silver RavenWolf</a></li>

<li><a href="Starhawk" title="Starhawk">Starhawk</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Bearwalker_Wilson" title="Joseph Bearwalker Wilson">Joseph Wilson</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Triple_Goddess_(Neopaganism)" title="Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)">Triple Goddess</a></li>

<li><a href="Horned_God" title="Horned God">Horned God</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_Man" title="Green Man">Green Man</a>

<ul><li><a href="Green_man_(spirit_of_nature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green man (spirit of nature)">Spirit of nature</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Holly_King_and_Oak_King" title="Holly King and Oak King">Holly King / Oak King</a></li>

<li><a href="Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother goddess</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key<br>concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiccan_morality" title="Wiccan morality">Wiccan morality</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiccan_Rede" title="Wiccan Rede">Wiccan Rede</a></li>

<li><a href="Rule_of_Three_(Wicca)" title="Rule of Three (Wicca)">Rule of Three</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wiccan views of divinity</a></li>

<li><a href="Coven" title="Coven">Coven</a></li>

<li><a href="Craft_name" title="Craft name">Craft name</a></li>

<li><a href="Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li>

<li><a href="Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li>

<li><a href="White_magic" title="White magic">White magic</a></li>

<li><a href="Otherworld" title="Otherworld">Otherworld</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Summerland" title="The Summerland">The Summerland</a></li>

<li><a href="Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li>

<li><a href="Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li>

<li><a href="Skyclad_(Neopaganism)" title="Skyclad (Neopaganism)">Skyclad</a></li>

<li><a href="Summoner_(Wicca)" title="Summoner (Wicca)">Summoner</a></li>

<li><a href="Watchtower_(magic)" title="Watchtower (magic)">Watchtower</a></li>

<li><a href="Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiar</a></li>

<li><a href="Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rites<br> and ritual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Drawing_down_the_Moon_(ritual)" title="Drawing down the Moon (ritual)">Drawing down the Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_rite" title="Great rite">Great rite</a></li>

<li><a href="Handfasting" title="Handfasting">Handfasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiccaning" title="Wiccaning">Wiccaning</a></li>

<li><a href="Fivefold_kiss" title="Fivefold kiss">Fivefold kiss</a></li>

<li><a href="Cone_of_power" title="Cone of power">Cone of power</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Scrying" title="Scrying">Scrying</a></li>

<li><a href="Incantation" title="Incantation">Spellwork / Incantation</a></li>

<li><a href="Banishing" title="Banishing">Banishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li>

<li><a href="Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a></li>

<li><a href="Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Eko_Eko_Azarak" title="Eko Eko Azarak">Eko Eko Azarak</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Solitary_practitioner" title="Solitary practitioner">Solitary practitioner</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiral_dance" title="Spiral dance">Spiral dance</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wheel of the Year</a></li>

<li><a href="Solstice" title="Solstice">Solstice</a></li>

<li><a href="Equinox" title="Equinox">Equinox</a></li>

<li><a href="Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li>

<li><a href="%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ostara</a></li>

<li><a href="Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a></li>

<li><a href="Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a></li>

<li><a href="Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a></li>

<li><a href="Wheel_of_the_Year#Autumnal_equinox_(Mabon)" title="Wheel of the Year">Mabon</a></li>

<li><a href="Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a></li>

<li><a href="Esbat" title="Esbat">Esbat</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paraphernalia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Magical_tools_in_Wicca" title="Magical tools in Wicca">Magical tools in Wicca</a></li>

<li><a href="Altar_(Wicca)" title="Altar (Wicca)">Altar</a></li>

<li><a href="Amulet" title="Amulet">Amulet</a></li>

<li><a href="Athame" title="Athame">Athame</a></li>

<li><a href="Besom" title="Besom">Besom</a></li>

<li><a href="Boline" title="Boline">Boline</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_of_Shadows" title="Book of Shadows">Book of Shadows</a></li>

<li><a href="Candle" title="Candle">Candles</a></li>

<li><a href="Cauldron" title="Cauldron">Cauldron</a></li>

<li><a href="Censer" title="Censer">Censer</a></li>

<li><a href="Chalice#Wicca" title="Chalice">Chalice/Goblet</a></li>

<li><a href="Incense" title="Incense">Incense</a></li>

<li><a href="Parchment" title="Parchment">Parchment</a></li>

<li><a href="Pentacle" title="Pentacle">Pentacle</a></li>

<li><a href="Runic_magic#Modern_systems" title="Runic magic">Runes</a></li>

<li><a href="Scourge" title="Scourge">Scourge</a></li>

<li><a href="Figurine" title="Figurine">Statue</a></li>

<li><a href="Talisman" title="Talisman">Talisman</a></li>

<li><a href="Tarot" title="Tarot">Tarot deck</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch's_ladder" title="Witch's ladder">Witch's ladder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Aradia%2C_or_the_Gospel_of_the_Witches" title="Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches">Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Meaning_of_Witchcraft" title="The Meaning of Witchcraft">The Meaning of Witchcraft</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Spiral_Dance" title="The Spiral Dance">The Spiral Dance</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="What_Witches_Do" title="What Witches Do">What Witches Do</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Witchcraft_Today" title="Witchcraft Today">Witchcraft Today</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Charge_of_the_Goddess" title="Charge of the Goddess">Charge of the Goddess</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Enchanted_Feminism" title="Enchanted Feminism">Enchanted Feminism</a></i></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Neopagan_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Neopagan movements">List of Wiccan organisations</a></li>

<li><a href="Bricket_Wood_coven" title="Bricket Wood coven">Bricket Wood coven</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Forest_coven" title="New Forest coven">New Forest coven</a></li>

<li><a href="Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Left-hand_path_and_right-hand_path" title="Left-hand path and right-hand path">Left-hand path and right-hand path</a></li>

<li><a href="Cunning_folk_in_Britain" title="Cunning folk in Britain">Cunning folk in Britain</a></li>

<li><a href="European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">European witchcraft</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Folk_healer#Granny_women" title="Folk healer">Granny woman</a></li>

<li><a href="Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li>

<li>Magical alphabets

<ul><li><a href="Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></li>

<li><a href="Theban_alphabet" title="Theban alphabet">Theban</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Witching_hour" title="Witching hour">Witching hour</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li>

<li><a href="Witches'_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a></li>

<li><a href="Flying_ointment" title="Flying ointment">Flying ointment</a></li>

<li><a href="Museum_of_Witchcraft_and_Magic" title="Museum of Witchcraft and Magic">Museum of Witchcraft and Magic</a></li>

<li><a href="Witchcraft_Research_Association" title="Witchcraft Research Association">Witchcraft Research Association</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-13" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Magic_circle&oldid=1295313463">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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